Multi-modal maximum power point tracking optimization solar photovoltaic system

ABSTRACT

A multi-modal maximum power point tracking optimization solar photovoltaic system is provided. A maximum power point tracking optimizer is connected to and powered by at least one solar cell. The maximum power point tracking optimizer configured to operate: in a pass-through mode when said at least one solar cell voltage is greater than a pass-through threshold and greater than a ratio of the open-circuit voltage of said at least one solar cell, said pass-through mode flowing current through a pass-through circuit; in an optimizing mode when said at least one solar cell voltage is greater than an optimizing threshold and less than a ratio of the open-circuit voltage of said at least one solar cell, said optimizing mode modulating current flow using a DC-to-DC switching circuit to direct the voltage of said at least solar cell towards said ratio of the open-circuit voltage; in an active bypass mode when said at least one solar cell voltage is less than an active bypass threshold, said active bypass mode flowing current through an active bypass circuit.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/777,576, filed May 18, 2018, which is a U.S. National Phase ofPCT/US2016/063209, filed Nov. 21, 2016, which claims priority to U.S.provisional patent application 62/257,698 filed on Nov. 19, 2015, all ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference in the present disclosure intheir entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates in general to the fields of solarphotovoltaics (PV), and more particularly to maximum power pointtracking and solar photovoltaic systems.

BACKGROUND

As solar photovoltaic (PV) cells and solar PV systems become morewidespread, these technologies will increasingly benefit from improvedpower harvesting. Solar PV installations are installed in a wide varietylocations and thus subject to varying changes in sunlight, shading, andtemperature all of which impact solar PV cell power generation. Thesevarying changes may impact the power generation of solar PV cellselectrically connected in the same solar PV system differently.Additionally, solar PV cells connected in the same module, panel, orstring, may have power generation variances under the same conditions,even when the cells were fabricated alike, due to inherent solar cellstructural variances. Solar PV cell failures and electrical connectionfailures also contribute to power generation variances. Solar PV cellpower generation variances often hampers and reduces solar PV cell andsolar PV system power harvesting.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Therefore, a need has arisen for a maximum power point trackingoptimization solar photovoltaic system providing improved powerharvesting. In accordance with the disclosed subject matter, amulti-modal maximum power point tracking optimization solar photovoltaicsystems are provided which may substantially eliminate or reducesdisadvantage and deficiencies associated with previously developedmaximum power point tracking optimization solar photovoltaic systems.

According to one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, a multi-modalmaximum power point tracking optimization solar photovoltaic system isprovided. A maximum power point tracking optimizer is connected to andpowered by at least one solar cell. The maximum power point trackingoptimizer configured to operate: in a pass-through mode when said atleast one solar cell voltage is greater than a pass-through thresholdand greater than a ratio of the open-circuit voltage of said at leastone solar cell, said pass-through mode flowing current through apass-through circuit; in an optimizing mode when said at least one solarcell voltage is greater than an optimizing threshold and less than aratio of the open-circuit voltage of said at least one solar cell, saidoptimizing mode modulating current flow using a DC-to-DC switchingcircuit to direct the voltage of said at least solar cell towards saidratio of the open-circuit voltage; in an active bypass mode when said atleast one solar cell voltage is less than an active bypass threshold,said active bypass mode flowing current through an active bypasscircuit.

The photovoltaic system comprises a photovoltaic module attached to aphotovoltaic mount frame, the mount frame having a rectangular shape. Adeflector is attached to the mount frame by a rotatable deflector andmount frame attachment wherein the deflector pivots around the rotatabledeflector and mount frame attachment from a nesting position under thephotovoltaic module in the mount frame to an installation positionraising at least a first side of the mount frame. A mount foot isattached to the deflector by a rotatable mount foot and deflectorattachment wherein the mount foot pivots around the rotatable mount footand deflector attachment from a nesting position in a mount foot nestingindention in the deflector to an installation position planar to amounting surface.

These and other aspects of the disclosed subject matter, as well asadditional novel features, will be apparent from the descriptionprovided herein. The intent of this summary is not to be a comprehensivedescription of the claimed subject matter, but rather to provide a shortoverview of some of the subject matter's functionality. Other systems,methods, features and advantages here provided will become apparent toone with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures anddetailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems,methods, features and advantages that are included within thisdescription, be within the scope of any claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features, natures, and advantages of the disclosed subject mattermay become more apparent from the detailed description set forth belowwhen taken in conjunction with the drawings (dimensions, relative orotherwise not drawn to scale) in which like reference numerals indicatelike features and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a distributed maximum-power-point tracking(MPPT) power optimization solar photovoltaic system in accordance withthe disclosed subject matter;

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of an exemplary multi-modal MPPTpower optimizer;

FIG. 3 shows a representative timing diagram fora sample and hold (S&H)circuit;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of multi-modal MPPT operation;

FIG. 5 is a power vs. voltage graph;

FIG. 6A is a functional block diagram and FIGS. 6B and 6C and 6D areexpanded views of FIG. 6A; and

FIG. 7 is a table showing an MPPT optimizer consistent with FIG. 6A indifferent modes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but ismade for the purpose of describing the general principles of the presentdisclosure. The scope of the present disclosure should be determinedwith reference to the claims. Exemplary embodiments of the presentdisclosure are illustrated in the drawings, like aspects and identifiersbeing used to refer to like and corresponding parts of the variousdrawings.

And although the present disclosure is described with reference tospecific embodiments, fabrication and installation processes, andmaterials, one skilled in the art could apply the principles discussedherein to other electronic components, solar photovoltaic systemscomprising combinations of solar cells, electronic components such asintegrated circuits (IC) and IC packages, fabrication and installationprocesses, as well as alternative technical areas and/or embodimentswithout undue experimentation. Solar PV cells are described withreference to crystalline silicon solar cells, however the solar cellsmay be thin-film solar cells or alternative solar PV cell structures.

The comprehensive solar photovoltaic (PV) system multi-modalmaximum-power-point tracking (MPPT) power optimization solution providedadvantageously allows for improved distributed solar PV cell and modulepower harvesting and maximum-power-point tracking power optimizationwith increased operational efficiency, enhanced power & energyharvesting, and substantially reduced failure points. Particularly, thesolar PV system multi-modal maximum-power-point tracking optimizationsolution disclosed and described here provides for improved powerharvesting of an individual solar cell or combination of electricallyconnected solar cells for distributed maximum-power-point tracking poweroptimization at a relatively low power generation level of the system(e.g., including but not limited to that generating a voltage in therange of about 4.5V to 10.5V) and optimizes the power harvesting andreduces the system drain (or power dissipation) of that correspondingsolar cell or combination of electrically connected solar cells,relatively autonomously and independently of other electricallyconnected solar cells (e.g., other electrically connected solar cells inthe same string of the solar cell, and/or combination of various solarcells in a photovoltaic module laminate, being optimized).

Structural and functional innovation such as but not limited to systemlevel design, multi-modal MPPT structure and optimization algorithmmodes, and current averaging/smoothing through parasitic inductance ofconnection wirings result in reduced MPPT insertion loss and smoothpower adjusting and regulation to provide efficient and effectiveautonomous self-powered power optimization at a lower system powergeneration level (for distributed MPPT power optimization localized tothe lower system power generation level).

The distributed multi-modal maximum-power-point tracking (MPPT) poweroptimization solution provided is particularly designed for andadvantageously used as an embedded and distributed MPPT solution withreduced electronic failure points (and excellent long-term operationalreliability) and improved tracking accuracy and operational efficiencyfor enhanced and fail-safe power harvesting under a wide range ofoperating conditions (over a wide range of sunlight irradiance amounts,ambient temperature values, etc.). These solutions are described withreference to distributed solar cell (or solar cell string) MPPT poweroptimizer integrated circuit (IC) package for regulating the outputvoltage of a solar cell (or a string of electrically connected solarcells) to its optimum power by regulating the MPPT IC input voltage(e.g., using an electronic circuit voltage regulator), which is the sameas the output voltage of a solar cell (or a string of electricallyconnected solar cells), if and when needed, to a predetermined voltagebased on the operating condition of the solar cells. Optimum solar cell(or a string of electrically connected solar cells) voltage is derivedby periodically or intermittently measuring the solar cell (or a stringof electrically connected solar cells) open circuit voltage (V_(oc)) andthen regulating the solar cell (or a string of electrically connectedsolar cells) voltage to a voltage value corresponding to the product ofthis open circuit solar cell (or a string of electrically connectedsolar cells) voltage by a predetermined fixed constant (being between0.60 and 0.90, and preferably between 0.7 and 0.85; such constant beingpreferably between 0.75 and 0.80 for crystalline silicon solar cells),if needed. The integrated circuit is preferably silicon based but mayalternatively be made using other semiconductor materials such assilicon carbide.

Advantageously for reduced system impact (e.g., module material thermalimpact of electronic components) and reduced system cost, among otheradvantages, the distributed MPPT power optimization solution may bepackaged fully or partially as an integrated circuit (IC) andparticularly as a low profile (i.e., low package thickness of less than2 mm, preferably less than 1 mm or 0.6 mm) integrated circuit (e.g.,having an operating temperature in the range of −40° C. to +105° C.) forembedding within solar PV module encapsulant materials (e.g., glass,polymeric, and laminate materials). The MPPT IC described in detail isdesigned to run with incoming solar irradiance as low as about one W/m²(1 watt per square meter) or more (light irradiance received at thesolar cell or string of electrically connected solar cells). In otherwords, as long as the solar cell (or a string of electrically connectedsolar cells) is generating power with the slightest amount of light(e.g., sunlight) the MPPT IC will be powered up and continue to operatedown to the level of about 1 W/m² (corresponding to − 1/1000 of standardtest conditions or STC irradiance of 1 kW/m² for solar cell powergeneration). The exemplary distributed MPPT IC described is a 2.5 amp ICwhich may operate on and be powered by a supply voltage (solar cell or astring of connected solar cells input differential voltage range ofpositive voltage V_(P) and negative voltage V_(M)) in the range of about4.5V to 10.5V (this voltage range may be larger or smaller depending onthe system requirements, for example less than 18 volts or in the rangeof 3 to 15 volts). Thus, the MPPT IC is directly powered by the sourceit is regulating (e.g., an individual solar cell or combination of solarcells connected in a string of solar cells connected to the MPPT ICinput), eliminating the need for a separate power supply. The MPPTinnovations described provide for, and the exemplary MPPT IC described,a single layer metal IC package for reduced cost and also reducedcoefficient of thermal impact.

MPPT IC may have an efficiency as high as 99.5% or higher (or aninsertion loss of less than about 0.5%) in the so-called pass-throughmode of operation (pass-through mode is a non-switching mode ofoperation). The high-side and low-side field-effect transistor (FET)switches (M1 and M2) described provide low R_(DSON) (on resistancebetween source and drain of FET) resulting in improved MPPT ICoperational efficiency. The low-side field-effect transistor or FET (M2)advantageously has slightly more on resistance to make the high side FET(M1) more efficient (less ohmic losses), particularly with single layermetal circuits. The MPPT IC may advantageously have an analog-to-digitalconverter (ADC) based architecture for sample-and-hold (S&H) function tominimize power consumption and to support relatively long sample andhold times as needed. M1 may have an on-state drain-to-source resistance(R_(DSON)) of less than 50 milli-ohms for the pass-through mode ofoperation, and more advantageously an on-state drain-to-sourceresistance of less 25 milli-ohms for the pass-through mode of operation.M2 may have an on-state drain-to-source resistance (R_(DSON)) of lessthan 100 milli-ohms for the active bypass mode of operation, and moreadvantageously an on-state drain-to-source resistance of less 60milli-ohms for the active bypass mode of operation. Additionally, theMPPT IC may have a center exposed metallic pad electrically connected tothe negative input and negative output of the MPPT IC for heat sinking.

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the connections and select functionalelements and electrical terminals of a distributed maximum-power-pointtracking (MPPT) power optimization solar photovoltaic system inaccordance with the disclosed subject matter. Each solar cell (or astring of electrically connected solar cells 2, 4, to m) is electricallyconnected to an MPPT power optimizer of an MPPT integrated circuit (IC)package (MPPT package 6, 8, to n) and associated components (e.g.,capacitors and rectifiers). Associated electrical components may includeelectrical connection wiring and electronic components such ascapacitors, diodes and rectifiers such as Schottky barrier rectifiers(SBRs). The MPPT IC may be attached to a printed-circuit board, and alsomay be attached in combination with a capacitor C_(IN) and Schottkybarrier rectifier 26 to a printed-circuit board, such that theprinted-circuit board provides positive and negative input and outputleads. Solar cells (or strings of electrically connected solar cells) 2,4, to m each power up a corresponding MPPT power optimizer having anMPPT integrated circuit (IC) package and associated components. Solarcells (or strings of electrically connected solar cells) 2, 4, to m maybe a single solar cell or a combination of electrically connected solarcells forming a string of electrically connected solar cells (e.g.,series connected string of solar cells or a hybrid series and parallelconnected string of solar cells), for example, a solar cell orcombination of electrically connected solar cells having an open circuitvoltage, for instance, mostly in the range of 4.5-10V. Depending on thesolar cell technology and the number of solar cells in a string ofelectrically connected solar cells (and the environmental shading andsoiling conditions), the open-circuit voltage range of the solar cell orstring of electrically connected solar cells may be a different voltagerange, and the upper end of the voltage range may be as high as 24 V oreven larger (and the lower end of the voltage range being as low asabout 3 V). Current flow between solar cell(s) output and MPPT inputsmay be in the range of 0 to 15 amperes and more often in the range of 0to 4 amperes.

The positive and negative input leads of each MPPT power optimizer(e.g., leads shown as positive MPPT input lead V_(P) 10 and negativeMPPT input lead V_(M) 12 of MPPT package 6) are electrically connectedto the positive and negative leads of a corresponding solar cell orcombination of electrically connected solar cells (e.g., leads shown aspositive solar cell output lead 22 and negative solar cell output lead24). The positive and negative output leads of each MPPT optimizer(e.g., positive MPPT output lead V_(SW) 14 and negative MPPT output leadV_(M) 16 of MPPT package 6) are electrically connected to thedistributed MPPT power optimizers in the system (e.g., MPPT packages 8to n and associated components). Thus, each solar cell, or combinationof electrically connected solar cells, and its corresponding MPPT poweroptimizer form a circuit for substantially independent or autonomouspower optimization and also electrical connections with additional solarcells and corresponding MPPT power optimizers (e.g., solar cell(s) andMPPT optimizer circuits as shown in FIG. 1), in a system comprising aplurality of MPPT power optimizers and a plurality of associated solarcells or strings of electrically connected solar cells. The resultingelectrically connected solar cells and corresponding MPPT optimizershave a positive output lead and a negative output lead (e.g., positivesystem output lead 18 and negative system output lead 20) for electricalconnections, for example to additional systems, modules, load, or theelectrical grid through an inverter.

Capacitor C_(IN) provides power stabilization and improves noiseimmunity, for example C_(IN) capacitance value may be about 5 μF orhigher for a 2.24 A load current and may advantageously be positioned asclose to the MPPT package power supply and input positive connection pinV_(P) as possible. V_(M) is a power connection pin connecting to thesolar cell (or string of electrically connected solar cells) negativevoltage and V_(P) is a power pin connecting to the solar cell negativevoltage. V_(SW) is a power switching output, SW is power switchingconnection output, Boost is a power boost connection, and C_(BST) is aboost capacitor. C_(BST) may connected across a positive output lead anda boost lead of the MPPT package and the boost lead may be connected tothe gate drive boost input of the high side field effect transistor(M1). The value of the boost capacitor may also be about 5 μF. ASchottky barrier rectifier or SBR (e.g., Schottky barrier rectifier 26in FIG. 1) provides a current path to bypass a solar cell (or a stringof electrically connected solar cells), and corresponding MPPT poweroptimizer circuit. Schottky barrier rectifier 26 having its cathodeattached to positive lead 14 and anode attached to negative lead 16.C_(OUT) acts a filter for power inverter and may also be positioned inthe Invertor package. Additional parasitic inductive filtering existsdue to the wiring connected among various components. Additionally andif necessary, at least one inductor component may be placed in serieswithin connections 18 and/or 20 to serve as filter in conjunction withthe capacitor C_(OUT). The MPPT package may also have additionalelectrical leads for MPPT package testing and evaluation.

Thus, the MPPT power optimizer having an MPPT IC package and associatedcomponents optimizes the power harvesting of a corresponding solar cellor combination of electrically connected solar cells (e.g., solar cellor string of electrically connected 2 in FIG. 1) substantiallyautonomously and fairly independent of other electrically connectedsolar cells—in other words, the MPPT power optimizer having an MPPT ICpackage and associated components may optimize the power harvesting of acorresponding solar cell (or a string of electrically connected solarcells) independent of the other cells (and the other MPPT poweroptimizers) in the same string of series-connected (or hybrid series andparallel connected) MPPT power optimizers.

The MPPT power optimizer may work together with an online DC-to-AC powerinverter (or a DC-to-DC power converter). A panel of solar cells isoften made of a plurality (e.g., 60, 72, 96, 108, or another number) ofsolar cells, usually connected in electrical series. A DC-to-AC powerinverter (known as inverter) connects to either one or a plurality ofsolar modules (with each module having a plurality of solar cells withinthe module laminate) and converts the solar photovoltaic (PV) system DCvoltage and current to an AC line voltage and current, and sources thepower to the load (such as electrical grid). The inverter may alsoprovide a global (as opposed to distributed local) criticalmaximum-power-point tracking (MPPT) function for the entire solar systemattached to and supported by the inverter. Using its MPPT function, theinverter loads the solar PV system such that the peak power (i.e.,global maximum-power point) is reached and maintained at the systemlevel. In other words, the inverter scans or walks up the system powervs voltage curve (see FIG. 5 showing a power vs voltage graph) in apower vs voltage function over a range of system voltages till theglobal maximum power is discovered and maintained.

For an individual solar cell, or a sub-panel combination of solar cellsin a string of electrically connected solar cells (e.g., a combinationof three to six solar cells in series string of a plurality of solarcells within a module laminate), a maximum-power-point tracking (MPPT)power optimizer must “pass” the solar cells energy to the panel stringfor the inverter to see this max power point. If all solar cells in thepanel are operating normally (and approximately equal, such as whenthere is no localized shading or soiling), the MPPT power optimizer willstay in the so-called “pass-through” mode of operation. The solar paneloperates best when all solar cells deliver the same photogenerationcurrent in a string of series-connected solar cells. If for some reason(such as an external shading or soiling event) a solar cell (or a stringof electrically connected solar cells) cannot support the requiredcurrent, then that cell's output voltage will drop. If permitted to droptoo low the cell (or cell string) and solar module will not operate atpeak power. With the MPPT power optimizer forming a circuit with thecell (on the cell level), or forming a circuit with a sub-panelcombination of solar cells electrically connected in a string, itmeasures the cells or sub-panel string combination of solar cells opencircuit voltage, calculates a ratio or fixed multiplier of that voltagebased on a predetermined constant (e.g., 0.76 times that voltage) anduses this point as the approximate MPPT point of the cell or sub-panelstring combination of solar cells. The predetermined constant isselected to provide consistent power optimization and may a factor lessthan one and more often in the range of 0.70 to 0.85 and particularlyoften in the range of 0.75 to 0.85. Alternatively, the approximate MPPTpoint may be based on a fixed constant ratio or multiplier of the actualmaximum power voltage (V_(MP)) of the solar cell(s). If the cell (orstring of electrically connected solar cells) loaded voltage reachesthis point, the MPPT power optimizer will start to regulate the inputvoltage of the cell to the MPPT point thus maximizing power harvesting(the optimizer operates in the “optimizer region” shown in FIG. 5).

Solar cells within the same module laminate (for instance, in a 60-cellor 72-cell or 96-cell solar module) may produce varying amounts of power(for instance, due to partial shading and soiling events as well asmanufacturing variation). Thus, a purpose of the MPPT power optimizer isto handle cases where a solar cell (or multiple solar cells electricallyconnected in a string) cannot support the current sourced throughelectrically connected solar cell system (e.g., a module or panel), suchas in the case of a solar cell (or string of electrically connectedsolar cells) being shaded. Without the MPPT power optimizer, when asolar cell (or string of electrically connected solar cells) is shaded,the whole system (e.g., the whole solar module or panel) must reduce itscurrent to accommodate the shaded cell or the shaded string of connectedsolar cells within the module laminate, resulting in loss of power inthe whole system (e.g., module or panel and subsequently the PV systemcomprising a plurality of PV modules). The distributed MPPT poweroptimizer keeps the whole system (e.g., module or panel) running at ornear its peak power point by utilizing multiple modes of operation formaximum power harvest and operational efficiency (minimum dissipationlosses).

Additionally, the power production of a particular solar cell (or astring of electrically connected solar cells) may vary significantly.This variance may be due to the amount of light received, for exampleshading in addition to irradiance variations from sunrise till sunset,temperature, solar cell structural failures, or a number of other solarcell external and internal factors. A stronger solar cell produceshigher power and a weaker solar cell generates lower power. The multiplemodes of operation of the MPPT power optimizer provide increased powerharvesting and efficiency from the optimized solar cell or combinationof solar cells (or string of electrically connected solar cells).Besides the switching optimization mode of operation, the MPPT poweroptimizer provided herein may have an active bypass mode of operation,and a pass-through mode of operation. The MPPT power optimizer mayfurther have a sleep (shut-down) mode and a passive bypass modeutilizing a rectifier such as a Schottky barrier rectifier(SBR).

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of an exemplary multi-modal MPPTpower optimizer. Solar cell (or a string of electrically connected solarcells) is electrically connected to integrated circuit MPPT IC 30through positive and negative leads on the solar cell (or string ofelectrically connected solar cells) and MPPT IC. MPPT IC negative inputlead and positive input lead may be connected together to form a commonlead in the MPPT IC. Similar to capacitor C_(IN) shown in FIG. 1, C1 isa capacitor for power stabilization and noise immunity improvement. Andsimilar to Schottky barrier rectifier 26 shown in FIG. 1, Dl Schottkybarrier rectifier (also called a Schottky diode or SBR) provides acurrent path to bypass the solar cell (or string of electricallyconnected solar cells) and corresponding MPPT IC 30.

SAMPLE and HOLD (S&H) is a circuit that measures the open-circuitvoltage V_(oc) of the solar cell (or string of electrically connectedsolar cells). This circuit measures the voltage and calculates a ratioor multiplier of this value (e.g., a factor 0.76 multiplied by themeasured open-circuit voltage, as described herein) as the correspondingmaximum power point set-point for the solar cell (or string ofelectrically connected solar cells). The multiplier constant may be avalue in the range of 0.60 and 0.90, preferably a constant in the rangeof 0.70 to 0.85 (e.g., 0.76 as mentioned previously). The maximum powerpoint set-point is then digitized (using the ADC) and stored for theother functional blocks to use. Advantageously, SAMPLE and HOLD (S&H)may be a timing circuit having an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)based architecture to minimize MPPT IC power consumption and supportlonger sample and hold times (e.g., sample and hold times on the orderof seconds to minutes). In the case of an ADC based architecture, ananalog-to-digital converter (ADC) stores the number and a digital-toanalog-converter (DAC) sends the stored value to the error amplifier andcompensation. Generally, the sample and hold circuit may use periodicopen circuit voltage sampling pulses for periodic measurements of opencircuit voltage at a specified sampling period, sampling frequency, andsampling pulse duration for each sampling pulse. The sampling period maybe in the range of seconds (e.g., in the range of I to I 00 seconds andmore preferably from in the range of 2 to 20 seconds). The samplingfrequency may be in the range of 0.01 hertz to more than one hertz andmore preferably in the range of 0.05 hertz to 0.5 hertz. The samplingpulse duration may be in the range of less than 100 micro-seconds up to10 milli-seconds, more particularly in the range of 100 micro-seconds upto I milli-seconds, and advantageously in the range of 300 micro-secondsup to 800 micro-seconds.

Error amplifier and compensation compares the voltage of the solar cell(or string of electrically connected solar cells) to the maximum powerpoint setpoint from the SAMPLE and HOLD circuit. If the solar cell (orstring of electrically connected solar cells) voltage is above theSAMPLE and HOLD maximum power point set-point, then M1 is turned on andM2 is turned off. If the solar cell (or string of electrically connectedsolar cells) voltage is below the maximum power point set point then M1is turned off and M2 is turned on. In this mode, M1 and M2 will continueto switch back and forth in a controlled frequency (e.g., a 500 kHzfrequency) and a controlled duty cycle (greater than 0% and less than100%), thus maintaining the solar cell(s) voltage at or close to itsmaximum power point.

The FET DRIVERS circuit provides the necessary power to switch M1 and M2FET (Field Effect Transistor) gates on and off M1 may be an n-channelfield-effect transistor (NMOS). M1 may require a voltage above the solarcell (or string of electrically connected solar cells) voltage rail. Aninternal charge pump and low impedance switch may be used for this case.M2 may be an n-channel field-effect transistor (NMOS). M2 may require asimpler low impedance driver from minus to solar cell (or string ofelectrically connected solar cells) voltage to work. FET Drivers alsohave internal current sensing which turns off the gate drive in theevent of an over-current condition.

ENABLE and UVLO is an enabling and under voltage lockout circuit. Enableis a signal which can turn on and off the MPPT IC functionality. UnderVoltage Lock Out (UVLO) monitors the solar cell (or string ofelectrically connected solar cells) voltage, and if the voltage is toolow for the MPPT IC to safely operate, the MPPT IC is disabled until thesolar cell (or string of electrically connected solar cells) voltage ishigh enough to safely operate the MPPT IC (e.g., when solar cell orstring of electrically connected solar cells power generation isrestored to normal operating conditions). Enable 32 is an input pin soit is shown external to the IC.

M1 NMOS and M2 NMOS are power field effect transistors (FET), forexample MOSFET switches, used to switch the power from the solar cell(or string of electrically connected solar cells) to the correspondingsolar module. M1 NMOS is a high-side Pass field-effect transistor (FET)that delivers power and M2 NMOS is a low-side Synchronous (Sync)field-effect transistor (FET) with lower power loss than a diode (e.g.,Schottky barrier rectifiers 26 in FIG. 1 and Dl in FIG. 2). FET DRIVERSare field effect transistor gate drivers for M1 NMOS and M2 NMOS. WhileMOSFET is advantageous for low power consumption, MESFET, high-electronmobility transistors, and bipolar junction transistors may also be usedas switches.

To maximize power harvest and minimize power losses (e.g., minimize MPPTIC insertion loss), the multi-modal maximum-power-point tracking (MPPT)power optimizer operates in multiple operating modes. The multi-modalmaximum-power-point tracking (MPPT) optimizer has functional operatingmodes (also called states) of active bypass mode, switching MPPToptimization mode, and pass-through mode dependent on the power(measured by voltage) generated by a connected solar cell (or string ofelectrically connected solar cells) as well as a desired maximum powerpoint set-point based on ratio (or fixed constant multiplier) of theopen circuit voltage of the connected solar cell (or string ofelectrically connected solar cells). The operating modes may provide apass-through or bypass circuit or may adjust the input voltageconditions of the multi-modal maximum-power-point tracking (MPPT) poweroptimizer (e.g., by loading the circuit) based on the output voltage ofthe solar cell (or string of electrically connected solar cells) inorder to generate maximum power based on the IV curve (i.e., current vs.voltage curve) for that solar cell or combination of electricallyconnected solar cells. In other words, the adjustable switching dutycycle of a switching DC-to-DC power converter (e.g., operating at aspecified switching oscillator frequency) may be adjusted (between 0%and 100% duty cycle) such that solar cell or combination of electricallyconnected solar cells receives a load impedance that corresponds to itsmaximum power point bias point (or a bias point sufficiently near itsmaximum power point). The specified switching oscillator frequency maybe in the range of TOO kilo-hertz to 5 mega-hertz, more particularly inthe range of TOO kilo-hertz to 5 mega-hertz, and advantageously in therange of 300 kilo-hertz to 700 kilo-hertz. A shut-down mode (also calledsleep-mode) and passive bypass mode further enhance automatedfunctionality, power harvesting, and efficiency. In the shut-down mode,the MPPT IC is does not perform any function and sleeps (powered down,for instance, at night when the solar cells do not generate any power).The passive bypass mode (using SBR) provides a complete bypassing of theMPPT and its associated solar cell (or string of electrically connectedsolar cells) when there is a failure of the MPPT chip and or itsassociated solar cell (or string of electrically connected solar cells),hence, preserving system-level functionality for the overall solar PVsystem.

Threshold/transition voltage guidelines described for the MPPToptimization operating modes may be different for different solar cellsor combinations of solar cells as well as different MPPT optimizationcomponents (e.g., depending on solar cell technology, number of solarcells in a string of electrically connected solar cells, and solarsystem characteristics). Parasitic inductance of the wiring connectingthe solar cell(s) is used to filter and average current and voltage(i.e., filter the current and voltage) and also control peak current,hence, eliminating the need for dedicated inductor components for eachMPPT IC. This innovation, in combination with high frequency use, allowsfor reduced insertion loss (and reduced cost and enhanced reliability)and substantially reduced optimizer size as an inductor component forfiltering and current averaging is avoided by instead relying on thewiring elements required for electrical connections among solar cellsand MPPT ICs. Delayed optimizing mode transition may increase thestability of system-level MPPT by filtering out sub-optima power pointmaxima.

FIG. 3 shows a representative timing diagram for a sample and hold (S&H)circuit to illustrate MPPT optimizer timing. During operation, thetiming circuit samples the solar cell (or string of electricallyconnected solar cells) open circuit voltage (V_(oc)). Solar cell V_(oc)sampling is critical for operation when the high-side FET (M1) is turnedoff and is part of V_(oc) discovery. The V_(oc) sampling may be queriedabout every second (the sampling period may be longer, for instance, onemeasurement up to every 30 seconds, or shorter, for instance, onemeasurement down to every 100 milliseconds) as the solar cell opencircuit voltage (V_(oc)) may vary quickly (e.g., due to intermittentshading events or ambient temperature changes).

V_(oc) sampling occurs by turning off the Pass nFET (high-side nFET M1)and turning on the Sync nFET (low-side nFET M2). This accomplishes tworesults: first it unloads the solar cell (or string of electricallyconnected solar cells) and puts it in open-circuit condition, and secondit shorts the output so the solar panel current may keep flowing withoutdisruption. While the Pass nFET (high-side nFET M1) is off, the circuitmust wait for the C_(IN) capacitor to charge up to V_(oc). For example,using a 4.7 μF capacitor, plus considerable solar cell distributedcapacitance, and for a 2.27 amp solar cell, the C_(IN) may takeapproximately 250 μSec to charge up to V_(oc). Advantageously, thecircuit may permit 320 μS of charge wait time to enable any solar cellpower generation condition (e.g., a very weak cell having a 0.2 Acapability would still meet the timing requirement). After the V_(oc) ismeasured the Sync FET is turned off and the Pass FET is turned on andnormal operation is restored.

When the solar cell (or string of electrically connected solar cells)voltage (solar cell positive and negative voltage differentialV_(P)−V_(M)) is greater than a desired threshold, for exampleV_(P)−V_(M) in the range 5V to 10.5V Rising (e.g., in an increasingpower generation solar cell condition such as sunrise) and 4.75V to10.5V Falling (e.g., in a decreasing power generation solar cellcondition such as sunset)), and V_(P)−V_(M) is greater than a desiredratio (or fixed constant multiplier of less than 1) of its open circuitvoltage V_(oc), for example 0.76 of the V_(oc), then the MPPT poweroptimizer operates in pass-through mode. When the solar cell (or stringof electrically connected solar cells) voltage (V_(P)−V_(M)) is greaterthan a desired threshold, for example V_(P)−V_(M) in the range 5V to10.SV Rising (increasing such as in the case of sunrise) and 4.75V to10.SV Falling (decreasing such as in the case of sunset), andV_(P)−V_(M) is less than a desired ratio (or fixed constant multiplierof less than 1) of its open circuit voltage V_(oc), for example 0.76 ofthe V_(oc), then the MPPT optimizer operates in the switching optimizingmode.

With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, the input capacitor (C_(IN) in FIG. 1and C1 in FIG. 2) advantageously may have a value greater than orequal-4.7 μF. The boost capacitor (CBsT in FIG. 1) advantageously mayhave a value greater than or equal to −4.7 μF. For the Under VoltageLockout UVLO (ENABLE and UVLO in FIG. 2), the reference and the circuitremain reset until the (V_(P)−V_(M)) crosses UVLO threshold.

Ideally the MPPT IC will primarily operate in pass-through mode duringthe daytime (pass-through mode operating when solar cells, or acombination of solar cells, are strong and there is no shading) and willprimarily operate in shutdown mode during the nighttime (when there isno power generation by the solar cells). Operating modes optimizing mode(also called switching mode or switching optimization mode or switchingoptimizing mode), active bypass mode, and passive bypass mode provideincreased power harvesting and improved operational reliability during awide range of power generation conditions and can also serve astransition modes between pass-through mode and shut-down mode. Other keybenefits of these transitional modes include improved system level andMPPT IC power efficiency, reliability, and overall fault tolerance.

Pass-through mode is the operating mode when the solar cell, orcombination of solar cells in an electrically connected string, isgenerating voltage both over a certain threshold (and up to a maximumallowed solar cell voltage) and over a set a ratio of the open circuitvoltage (V_(oc)) of the solar cell. Thus, in a solar PV system asprovided, pass-through mode operates when the current of the solar cell,or combination of solar cells in a string, is in the same range as thesystem (e.g., module or panel) current. Current matching throughout thesystem may be indicative of an absence of localized shading.

With reference to FIG. 2, in pass-through mode the High side FET M1 isturned ON and the Low side FET M2 is turned OFF. Thus, pass-through modepermits the module current to fully pass through M1 and the solar cell.In pass-through mode the High Side nLDMOS (e.g., M1 in FIG. 2) is on100% of the time between V_(oc) sampling pulses (e.g., with samplingfrequency of one sample every two to twenty seconds, or over a widerrange of one sample every 0.1 to 60 seconds). A Pass-Through efficiencyof 99.5% may be achieved by a High Side nLDMOS with Rds-on=16 mOhm atStandard Test Condition temperature 25° C. This relatively low on-statesource-drain resistance for the high-side FET M1 ensures sufficientlylow ohmic losses during the pass-through and switching modes ofoperation.

Exemplary pass-through mode operating thresholds include when the solarcell voltage (V_(P)−V_(M)) is in the range 5.0V to 10.5V Rising (e.g.,in an increasing power generation solar cell condition such as sunrise)and 4.75V to 10.5V Falling (e.g., in a decreasing power generation solarcell condition such as sunset) and is above 0.76 of the V_(oc) (i.e.,open circuit voltage multiplied by 0.76).

The MPPT power optimizer has I00% duty cycle operation in pass-throughmode (i.e., no switching optimization during the pass-through mode ofoperation). As the input voltage approaches the output voltage, theconverter turns the high side N-channel transistor (high side nFET M1,also referred to as Pass FET) continuously. In this mode the outputvoltage (V_(OUT)) is equal to the input voltage minus the voltage dropacross the N-channel transistor: V_(OUT)=(V_(P)−V_(M))−I_(LOAD)(R_(DSON)+R_(L)); where (V_(P)−V_(M)) is solar cell voltage, R_(DSON) isN-channel high side (high side nFET M1, also referred to as Pass FET)switch ON resistance, I_(LOAD) is output current, and R_(L) is inductor(or wiring) DC resistance.

Optimizing (or Switching) mode is the operating mode when the solarcell, or combination of solar cells connected in a string supported byan MPPT IC, is generating voltage both over a certain threshold (and upto a maximum allowed solar cell voltage) and below a set a ratio (orfixed constant multiplier) of the open circuit voltage (V_(oc)) of thesolar cell. This may occur when the solar cell, or combination of solarcells in an connected string, are weaker as compared to other cells inthe panel (e.g., lower efficiency due to manufacturing variation) orthere is mild to heavy shading or variable shading (optimizing modeoperates in a larger range of shading conditions). The weak or shadedsolar cell, or combination of solar cells in a connected string, cannotdeliver the current of other panel cells which pulls down voltage on theweak or shaded solar cell, and once the voltage reaches a certain ratioof V_(oc) the MPPT IC transitions operating modes from pass-through modeto optimizing mode.

Advantageously, transitioning out of optimizing mode may be somewhatdelayed (e.g., for about twenty to thirty milliseconds). This delay maybenefit an overall solar PV system inverter global MPPT as it adjustsits power points and may allow an overall system to have a single powerpoint (mono-maximal power point) without a need for sub-optima maximapower points. By filtering out sub-optima maxima, a more stable maximumpower is provided which is more readily discoverable to string andcentral inverters with built-in MPPT functions.

During pass-through mode, the MPPT IC performs an open circuit sample(V_(oc)). V_(oc) sampling is performed by turning off the high side FETM1 and thus turning off the current from the solar cell creating an opencircuit. The solar cell (or string of electrically connected solarcells) voltage will rise and a voltage sample is taken and stored. M1turns back on and the solar cell (or string of electrically connectedsolar cells) is again loaded and its voltage drops. If the voltage dropsbelow a predetermined level of V_(oc) (e.g., below 0.76 multiplied bythe measured V_(oc)), then the switching optimization mode starts. M1will be turned on and off (e.g., at a frequency of −500 kHz) in acontrolled pulse width modulated condition that keeps the cell voltageat the predetermined V_(oc) (e.g., 0.76 multiplied by V_(oc)). Thismaintains the cell voltage at its peak operating point (maximum powerpoint known as MPP). M2 does the opposite of M1 and turns on when M1turns off. This permits the solar module current to pass unimpededthrough the module while M1 is off Thus, in optimizing mode the powerdelivered by the solar cell (or string of electrically connected solarcells) is the maximum available although reduced due to shading orperhaps due to a weak solar cell.

Exemplary optimizing mode operating thresholds include when the solarcell voltage (V_(P)−V_(M)) is in the range 5.0V to 10.5V Rising (e.g.,in an increasing power generation solar cell condition such as sunrise)and 4.75V to 10.5V Falling (e.g., in a decreasing power generation solarcell condition such as sunset) and is less than 0.76 multiplied byV_(oc) (solar cell or string of connected solar cells open circuitvoltage). The max voltage value 10.SV indicating a maximum voltage thesolar cell(s) may generate or a maximum voltage the MPPT IC andcomponents may support.

Active bypass mode is the operating mode when more than about onewatt/m² of irradiance power is received by the solar cell or combinationof solar cells but the solar cell or combination of solar cells may beheavily shaded with respect to the rest of the solar module. Activebypass mode provides for a smooth low-loss turn on/off transition toreduce electromagnetic/radio frequency interference and electromagneticemission. Additionally, active bypass mode may act as a fail-safe due tohigher temperatures (e.g., 110° C. such as in the case of a fire) toturn the system off more smoothly. The voltage threshold for activebypass mode may be set as the UVLO threshold for the MPPT IC on the lowend and a minimal threshold to contribute power (or not be a powerdrain) to electrically connected solar cells on the high end, assumingthese electrically connected solar cells are operating under minimalideal conditions. In this solar cell power generation condition thesolar cell, or combination of solar cells, does not have any power todeliver but there is enough voltage to activate the MPPT IC (i.e. aheavily shaded cell). In active bypass mode, the solar cell, orcombination of solar cells, does not deliver any power to the panel andnor does it cause appreciable power loss by using a bypass circuit(e.g., super barrier rectifier)—in other words the cell does not deliverpower but it does not lose power as there is much less heat dissipationand insertion loss. The high end value in the active bypass mode voltagerange may be determined as a sufficiently low voltage such that inactive bypass mode power harvesting is not compromised or lost. Inheavily shaded conditions the photogenerated current and maximum powercapabilities may drop by orders of magnitude. Such a solar cell powergeneration condition would occur when a solar cell or string of solarcells in a module is very heavily shaded such that it cannot generateappreciable power or current and cannot keep up with the unshaded solarcells and strings in the module—thus the shaded solar cells or string ofsolar cells is bypassed. Active bypass mode provides a lower loss bypassmode than a bypass circuit (e.g., a bypass circuit using an SBR). Thehigh end value in the active bypass mode voltage range may be based onmodeling of the V_(oc) of a solar cell or string of solar cells underheavily shaded conditions at a high operating temperature (e.g., 65°C.).

As an illustrative example, alternatively in a heavily shaded low powergeneration condition without an active bypass mode the bypass circuit(e.g., Schottky barrier rectifier) would be forward biased resulting ina loss of approximately 0.6V times the module current (e.g., 0.6×4 A=2.4W lost). However, in active bypass mode M1 is turned OFF and M2 turnedON thus shorting the output and bypassing the current with only a smallloss of power (e.g., if M2 is a 34 mOhm resistance FET, the loss wouldbe approximately 4²×0.034=0.54 W resulting in savings of almost 2 W ascompared to the 2.4 W loss in the illustrative example above). When theMPPT IC is in active bypass mode, the High Side nLDMOS is OFF and theLow Side nLDMOS is ON 100% of the time. Thus, active bypass mode may actas an intermediate stage which turns on at low power and reduces theloss associated with a bypass circuit (e.g., SBR) because it turns onthe gate of the low side nLDMOS, resulting in increased efficiency. Theactive bypass mode operating thresholds may be used to set the minimumthreshold value for pass-through mode and optimizing mode and themaximum threshold value for passive bypass mode. Exemplary active bypassmode operating thresholds include when the solar cell (or string ofelectrically connected solar cells) voltage (V_(P)−V_(M)) is in therange 4.5V to 5.0V rising (increasing such as during sunrise) and 4.75Vto 4.25V falling (decreasing such as during sunset).

Passive bypass mode is the operating mode when about less than onewatt/m² of power is generated by the solar cell or combination of solarcells, such as in the case of severe shading (e.g., 1000× shading or1/1000 of maximum sunlight), and the MPPT IC cannot operate. Moreover,this passive bypass mode provides fault tolerance and allows for themodule current to bypass the MPPT IC and its associated solar cell (orstring of electrically connected solar cells), if and when there is afailure of the MPPT IC and/or its associated solar cell (or string ofelectrically connected solar cells), hence, providing continuedsystem-level functionality even in case of a component failure. In thisstate the MPPT IC shuts down, turning off both M1 and M2, and themodule/system current will then be forced to flow through the bypasscircuit (shown as a Schottky barrier rectifier 26 in FIG. 1) thusforward biasing the bypass circuit. Although these instances may beconsidered rare, passive bypass mode is used to minimize losses acrossthe entire system (e.g., module or panel) by preventing the entiresystem from not generating power. Additionally, the passive bypass modeprovides a controlled turning off and on of the MPPT IC resulting in amore reliable MPPT IC. Again as discussed, the passive bypass mode alsoprovides an additional fault tolerance mode in the case of any MPPT ICfailure event (e.g., the integrated circuit itself or its electricalconnections) as the bypass circuit (e.g., Schottky barrier rectifier)takes over and allows overall solar module to function except for thefailed sub-block. The bypass circuit may utilize a diode component suchas Schottky barrier rectifier (SBR) or a PN junction diode. In passivebypass mode, a bypass circuit is on (e.g., a diode such as super barrierrectifier Schottky barrier diode: SBR) is on and the High Side nLDMOS(M1) and Low Side nLDMOS (M2) are both off.

Exemplary passive bypass mode operating thresholds include when thesolar cell voltage (V_(P)−V_(M)) is in the range 0.0V to 4.5V rising(increasing such as during sunrise) and 4.25V to 0V falling (decreasingsuch as during sunset) and V_(SW)−V_(M)<−0.8V.

Shutdown mode (also called sleep mode) is the operating mode when thesolar cell or combination of solar cells in a string is not generatingany appreciable voltage and power, for example at night or whencompletely shaded. In other words, shutdown mode operates when there isnot enough power to power the MPPT IC (e.g., the UVLO threshold is notmet such as when V_(P)−V_(M) is less than one volt) and the MPPT IC isoff Exemplary shutdown mode operating thresholds include whenV_(P)−V_(M)=0V and V_(SW)−V_(M)>−0.7V.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of multi-modal MPPT operation based on theexemplary operating mode threshold voltages provided.

FIG. 5 is a power vs. voltage graph showing optimizer mode andpass-through voltage operating conditions.

FIG. 6A is a more detailed functional block diagram of that shown inFIG. 2. For example, HSG of FIG. 6A is M1 of FIG. 2 and LSG of FIG. 6Ais M2 of FIG. 2. For example, additional detailed electronic circuitfunctionality and components include vdd, ibias and bandgap. Asidentified in FIG. 6A, FIGS. 6B and 6C and 6D are expanded views of FIG.6A.

Among other components, expanded view FIG. 6B shows the sample and holdand the enable circuit. The solar cell voltage is resistor divided down,a sample of this voltage is taken and digitally stored with an ADC. ADAC is used to restore the digital value to an analog voltage for areference in and error amplifier stage. The Enable signal turns on andoff all the Vdds and current biases.

Among other components, expanded view FIG. 6C shows the Error amplifier,ramp generator, clock, control logic, and all the voltage and currentbiases. The error amplifier compares the reference voltage for the DACto the voltage of the solar cell. The error amplifier in combinationwith the control logic decides which mode the power FETs should be in.If the solar cell voltage is too high the High side FET will turn on, ifthe voltage is too low the low side FET will turn on. If the solar cellvoltage is in the range when a PWM pulse is needed to regulate the solarcell at Max power point, then the PWM circuit will turn on and startregulating.

Among other components, expanded view FIG. 6D the two power FETs, theFET drivers, and current limiting. The purpose of the FET drivers is tosupply the required current into the gates of the FETs so they canswitch on and off at the required speed. The high side FET also mayrequire a voltage higher than the cell voltage so a charge pump isimplemented to accomplish this. In the event of an over current, and toprotect the FETs from over current a sense circuit is used which willturn of the FETs. This is a cycle by cycle current limit.

With reference to the functional block diagram of FIG. 6A and theexpanded views of FIG. 6A shown in FIGS. 6B, 6C, and 6D:

-   -   En: Enable Optimizer manages power-up and power down    -   8 bit ADC: 8 Bit Analog to Digital converter which is used to        digitize and store the open 0.076 of the PV panel Open Circuit        Voltage    -   8 bit DAC: 8 Bit Digital to Analog Converter is used to set the        target voltage VDAC_MPP for the error amplifier and achieve 0.76        of VOC    -   EA: Error amplifier is used to provide amplification and        feedback and stability for peak current mode controlled Solar        power DC to DC Converter    -   Soft Landing: Softlanding is used to implement a smooth        transition from Open Circuit sampling to optimizing (Switching)        Mode or pass through mode    -   CGM_ID: Implements the CGM_ID parameter in the peak Current mode        control equation and provides a stable operating region in        Optimizing (Switching) Mode    -   Slope Compensation: Slope Compensation avoids wide pulse narrow        pulse current loop instability and suppress the impact of the        Interference and noise in the system    -   HSFCC_SFMT: High Side Current Comparator “Start-Up Minimum T-On”        implemented the cycle by cycle current comparator to turn off        High Side nFET when the peak command current is exceeded    -   Control Logic: The Control Logic ensures that the High Side Gate        Driver (HSD) and Low Side Driver (LSD) are off during power up,        power down, Over temperature over current conditions. It also        ensures that the HSD and LSD are never on at the same time    -   BSREF: Boost Regulator is used to pride power for the High side        nFET Transistor    -   Anti_Current: Anti Current is used to prevent power loss and        destruction due to reverse current flowing into the Solar PV        panel    -   Osc: The Oscillator is used to provide a clock for the system    -   DAPB: Dark Active Bypass is used to implement the active bypass        when the solar irradiance is very low and the VOC is less than        4.75V approximately, for example    -   Bandgap: The Bandgap Voltage reference is turned on when the        power supply is above approximately 3.75V, for example, and is        used to provide voltage references and Bias current references        that are accurate and stable over temperature and semiconductor        process corners    -   UVLO: The Under Voltage Lock-out is used to ensure the solar        optimizer does not destroy itself during power up and power down    -   OTP: Over Temperature protection is used to turn of the        Optimizer when the Temperature of the die is above −135° F.    -   Awake: The Awake signal is a critical signal that enables the        digital control signals after all the Voltage References, Bias        Currents and power regulators have settled and the system is        ready to operate correctly        The following are other aspects and embodiments:

-   A1. A solar photovoltaic system, comprising:    -   a. A plurality of photovoltaic modules, each of said        photovoltaic modules having:        -   i. a plurality of (N) solar cells and a plurality of (M)            multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC power            optimizers embedded within a protective module laminate,            wherein:            -   1. N and M and N divided by M are positive integers                greater than 1;            -   2. the positive and negative input electrical leads of                each of said multi-modal MPPT DC power optimizers are                electrically connected to the positive and negative                electrical leads of a plurality of N divided by M                electrically connected string of solar cells;            -   3. the positive and negative output electrical leads of                said plurality of (M) multi-modal MPPT DC power                optimizers are connected to one another within said                module laminate according to an MPPT electrical                interconnection design;            -   4. each of said plurality of photovoltaic modules have                at least one pair of positive and negative electrical                power leads; and,            -   5. said plurality of photovoltaic modules are connected                to one another according to a module electrical                interconnection design    -   b. At least one electrical load connected to said plurality of        photovoltaic modules connected to one another according to said        module electrical interconnection design

-   B2. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein said solar    cells are crystalline silicon solar cells.

-   C3. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein said solar    cells are thin-film solar cells.

-   D4. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein said    photovoltaic modules are crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules.

-   E5. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein said    photovoltaic modules are thin-film photovoltaic modules.

-   F6. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein each of said    multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC power optimizers    is electrically powered by photovoltaic power of each of said    plurality of N divided by M electrically connected string of solar    cells.

-   G7. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein each of said    multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC power optimizers    has a multi-modal operation algorithm comprising pass-through mode,    switching MPPT optimization mode, and active bypass mode.

-   H8. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein said at least    one electrical load is a DC-to-AC power inverter having at least one    built-in inverter maximum-power-point tracking (MPPT).

-   19. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 8, wherein said at least    one built-in inverter MPPT performs global system-level MPPT control    and said plurality of (M) multi-modal MPPT DC power optimizers

-   J10. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein said at least    one electrical load is a DC-to-DC power converter having at least    one built-in converter maximum-power-point tracking (MPPT).

-   K11. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein said    protective module laminate comprises glass and encapsulant sheets    attached to first sides of said plurality of (N) solar cells and    plurality of (M) multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC    power optimizers, and polymeric and encapsulant sheets attached to    second sides, opposite to said first sides, of said plurality of (N)    solar cells and plurality of (M) multi-modal    maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC power optimizers.

-   L12. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein said    protective module laminate comprises glass and encapsulant sheets    attached to first sides of said plurality of (N) solar cells and    plurality of (M) multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC    power optimizers, and glass and encapsulant sheets attached to    second sides, opposite to said first sides, of said plurality of (N)    solar cells and plurality of (M) multi-modal    maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC power optimizers.

-   M13. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein N is an    integer between 10 and 1000.

-   N14. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein N is an    integer between 30 and 300.

-   O15. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein N divided by    M is an integer between 5 and 50.

-   P16. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein N divided by    M is an integer between 10 and 30.

-   Q17. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein each of said    plurality of N divided by M electrically connected string of solar    cells has a series-connected string of solar cells.

-   R18. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein each of said    plurality of N divided by M electrically connected string of solar    cells has a hybrid series and parallel connected string of solar    cells.

-   S19. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein said MPPT    electrical interconnection design is a series interconnection of    said plurality of (M) multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizers.

-   T20. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein said MPPT    electrical interconnection design is a hybrid series and parallel    interconnection of said plurality of (M) multi-modal    maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC power optimizers.

-   U21. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein said module    electrical interconnection design is a series interconnection of    said plurality of photovoltaic modules.

-   V22. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein said module    electrical interconnection design is a hybrid series and parallel    interconnection of said plurality of photovoltaic modules.

-   W23. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein each of said    plurality of (M) multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC    power optimizers is made of one integrated circuit attached to a    printed-circuit board, and at least one capacitor connected to said    integrated circuit on said printed-circuit board, wherein said    printed-circuit board provides said positive and negative input    electrical leads and said positive and negative output electrical    leads for electrical interconnections.

-   X24. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 22, wherein said    printed-circuit board further has a Schottky-barrier rectifier    attached across said positive and negative output electrical leads    of said multi-modal MPPT DC power optimizer.

-   Y25. A solar photovoltaic module, comprising:    -   a. A protective module laminate;    -   b. a plurality of (N) solar cells and a plurality of (M)        multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC power        optimizers embedded within said protective module laminate,        wherein:        -   i. N and M and N divided by M are positive integers greater            than 1;        -   ii. the positive and negative input electrical leads of each            of said multi-modal MPPT DC power optimizers are            electrically connected to the positive and negative            electrical leads of a plurality of N divided by M            electrically connected string of solar cells;        -   iii. the positive and negative output electrical leads of            said plurality of (M) multi-modal MPPT DC power optimizers            are connected to one another within said module laminate            according to an MPPT electrical interconnection design,            providing at least one pair of output electrical leads from            said plurality of (M) multi-modal MPPT DC power optimizers            connected to one another;    -   c. at least one pair of positive and negative electrical power        leads emanated from said protective module laminate and        electrically connected to said at least one pair of output        electrical leads of from said plurality of (M) multi-modal MPPT        DC power optimizers connected to one another.

-   Z26. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein said solar    cells are crystalline silicon solar cells.

-   AA27. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein said solar    cells are thin-film solar cells.

-   BB28. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein said    photovoltaic module is a crystalline silicon photovoltaic module.

-   CC29. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein said    photovoltaic module is a thin-film photovoltaic module.

-   DD30. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein each of    said multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC power    optimizers is electrically powered by photovoltaic power of each of    said plurality of N divided by M electrically connected string of    solar cells.

-   EE31. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein each of    said multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC power    optimizers has a multi-modal operation algorithm comprising    pass-through mode, switching MPPT optimization mode, and active    bypass mode.

-   FF32. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein said    protective module laminate comprises glass and encapsulant sheets    attached to first sides of said plurality of (N) solar cells and    plurality of (M) multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC    power optimizers, and polymeric and encapsulant sheets attached to    second sides, opposite to said first sides, of said plurality of (N)    solar cells and plurality of (M) multi-modal    maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC power optimizers, providing a    mono-facial solar photovoltaic module receiving light through one    side of said protective module laminate having said glass sheet.

-   GG33. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein said    protective module laminate comprises glass and encapsulant sheets    attached to first sides of said plurality of (N) solar cells and    plurality of (M) multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC    power optimizers, and glass and encapsulant sheets attached to    second sides, opposite to said first sides, of said plurality of (N)    solar cells and plurality of (M) multi-modal    maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC power optimizers, providing a    bi-facial solar photovoltaic module receiving light through both    glass-covered sides of said protective module laminate.

-   HH34. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein N is an    integer between 10 and 1000.

-   I135. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein N is an    integer between 30 and 300.

-   JJ36. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein N divided    by M is an integer between 5 and 50.

-   KK37. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein N divided    by M is an integer between 10 and 30.

-   LL38. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein each of    said plurality of N divided by M electrically connected string of    solar cells has a series-connected string of solar cells.

-   MM39. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein each of    said plurality of N divided by M electrically connected string of    solar cells has a hybrid series and parallel connected string of    solar cells.

-   NN40. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein said MPPT    electrical interconnection design is a series interconnection of    said plurality of (M) multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizers.

-   OO41. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein said MPPT    electrical interconnection design is a hybrid series and parallel    interconnection of said plurality of (M) multi-modal    maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC power optimizers.

-   PP42. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein said module    electrical interconnection design is a series interconnection of    said plurality of photovoltaic modules.

-   QQ43. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein said module    electrical interconnection design is a hybrid series and parallel    interconnection of said plurality of photovoltaic modules.

-   RR44. The solar photovoltaic module of claim 25, wherein each of    said plurality of (M) multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizers is made of one integrated circuit    attached to a printed-circuit board, and at least one capacitor    connected to said integrated circuit on said printed-circuit board,    wherein said printed-circuit board provides said positive and    negative input electrical leads and said positive and negative    output electrical leads for electrical interconnections.

-   SS45. The solar photovoltaic system of claim 44, wherein said    printed-circuit board further has a Schottky-barrier rectifier    attached across said positive and negative output electrical leads    of said multi-modal MPPT DC power optimizer.

-   TT50. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 49, wherein    said rectifier bypass mode utilizes a Schottky Barrier Rectifier    (SBR).

-   UU53. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 52, wherein    said specified open-circuit voltage sampling period is in the range    of about 2 seconds second up to about 20 seconds, corresponding to    said open-circuit sampling frequency being in the range of about    0.05 hertz up to about 0.5 hertz.

-   VV55. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 54, wherein    said specified voltage sampling duration is in the range of less    than 100 micro-seconds up to 1 milli-second.

-   WW56. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 55, wherein    said specified voltage sampling duration is in the range of 300    micro-seconds up to 800 micro-seconds.

-   XX58. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 57, wherein    said specified switching oscillator frequency is in the range of    about 200 kilo-hertz up to about 2 mega-hertz.

-   YY59. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 58, wherein    said specified switching oscillator frequency is in the range of    about 300 kilo-hertz up to about 700 kilo-hertz.

-   ZZ60. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 47, wherein    said pass-through power efficiency is at least 95%.

-   AAA61. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 60, wherein    said pass-through power efficiency is at least 98%.

-   BBB62. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 47, wherein    said optimizing power efficiency is at least 70%.

-   CCC63. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 62, wherein    said optimizing power efficiency is at least 85%.

-   DDD65. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 47, wherein    said high-side field-effect transistor has an on-state    drain-to-source resistance of less than about 50 milli-ohms for said    pass-through mode of operation.

-   EEE66. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 65, wherein    said high-side field-effect transistor has an on-state    drain-to-source resistance of less than about 25 milli-ohms for said    pass-through mode of operation.

-   FFF67. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 48, wherein    said low-side field-effect transistor has an on-state    drain-to-source resistance of less than about 100 milli-ohms for    said active bypass mode of operation.

-   GGG68. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 67, wherein    said low-side field-effect transistor has an on-state    drain-to-source resistance of less than about 60 milli-ohms for said    active bypass mode of operation.

-   HHH69. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 47, wherein    said pass-through mode of operation occurs when said high-side    field-effect transistor is on 100% of the time between said    open-circuit voltage sampling pulses.

-   III170. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 69, wherein    said adjustable switching duty cycle is 100% during said    pass-through mode of operation.

-   JJJ72. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 47, wherein    said active bypass mode of operation occurs when said high-side    field-effect transistor is off and said low-side field-effect    transistor is on 100% of the time.

-   KKK73. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 47, wherein    said active shut-down mode of operation occurs when the voltage    across said input positive and negative electrical leads for    electrical connections to positive and negative electrical leads of    said string of interconnected solar cells is too small to power up    said high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT)    DC power optimizer integrated circuit.

-   LLL74. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 47, wherein    said voltage across said input positive and negative electrical    leads for electrical connections to positive and negative electrical    leads of said string of interconnected solar cells is less than    about 1 volt.

-   MMM75. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 49, wherein    said rectifier bypass mode of operation comprises a rectifier having    its anode and cathode electrically connected across said output    positive and negative electrical leads, with said rectifier cathode    electrically connected to said output positive lead and said    rectifier anode electrically connected to said output negative lead,    with said rectifier being forward biased and conducting current,    said high-side field-effect transistor switch being off, and said    low-side field-effect transistor switch being off.

-   NNN76. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 47, wherein    said input positive and negative electrical leads have an input    voltage because of electrical connections to said positive and    negative electrical leads of said string of interconnected solar    cells.

-   OOO77. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 76, wherein    said optimizing mode of operation regulates said input voltage to a    pre-determined optimum voltage.

-   PPP78. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 77, wherein    said pre-determined optimum voltage is equal to the product of said    open-circuit voltage (V_(oc)) of said string of interconnected solar    cells and a pre-determined constant multiplying factor which is less    than 1.

-   QQQ79. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 78, wherein    said pre-determined constant multiplying factor is a number between    0.65 and 0.90.

-   RRR80. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 79, wherein    said pre-determined constant multiplying factor is a number between    0.70 and 0.85.

-   SSS81. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 78, wherein    said pre-determined constant multiplying factor is a number between    0.75 and 0.80.

-   TTT82. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 78, wherein    said pre-determined constant multiplying factor is 0.76.

-   UUU83. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 46, wherein    said integrated circuit is electrically powered by said string of    interconnected solar cells electrically connected and providing    supply voltage to said input positive and negative electrical leads.

-   VVV84. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 83, wherein    said supply voltage is less than 18 volts.

-   WWW85. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 84, wherein    said supply voltage is in the range of 3 volts and 15 volts.

-   XXX86. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 85, wherein    said supply voltage is in the range of 4 volts and 12 volts.

-   YYY87. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 86, wherein    said supply voltage is in the range of 4.5 volts and 10.5 volts.

-   ZZZ88. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 46, wherein    said analog-to-digital-converter (ADC) based architecture for sample    and hold enables reduced power consumption and relatively long    sample and hold times on the order of seconds to minutes.

-   AAAA89. A plurality of said high-efficiency multi-modal    maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated    circuits of claim 46, wherein a plurality of said strings of    interconnected solar cells are electrically connected to a plurality    of said input positive and negative electrical leads, and a    plurality of said output positive and negative electrical leads are    together connected in electrical series.

-   BBBB90. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 46, wherein a    capacitor is electrically connected across said input positive and    negative electrical leads.

-   CCCC91. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 46, wherein a    Schottky barrier diode (SBR) is electrically connected across said    output positive and negative electrical leads.

-   DDDD92. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 46, wherein    said low-profile integrated circuit package has a thickness of less    than 1 mm.

-   EEEE93. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 92, wherein    said low-profile integrated circuit package has a thickness of about    0.6 mm.

-   FFFF94. The high-efficiency multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking    (MPPT) DC power optimizer integrated circuit of claim 46, wherein    said low-profile integrated circuit package has a center exposed    metallic pad electrically connected to said input negative    electrical and said output negative electrical lead, said center    exposed pad also enabling heat sinking.

-   GGGG101. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 100, wherein said pre-determined constant factor    is a number between 0.70 and 0.85.

-   HEIHH102. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 101, wherein said pre-determined constant factor    is a number between 0.75 and 0.80.

-   IIII103. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 102, wherein said pre-determined constant factor    is approximately 0.76.

-   JJJJ106. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 96, wherein said electrical load is a DC-to-AC    power inverter having an inverter maximum-power-point tracking    circuit

-   KKKK107. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 96, wherein said electrical load is a DC-to-DC    power converter having a converter maximum-power-point tracking    circuit

-   LLLL108. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 106, wherein said inverter maximum-power-point    tracking circuit controls power optimization of said string of    electrically interconnected plurality of solar cells when said power    optimizer operates in said pass-through mode of operation.

-   MMMM109. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 107, wherein said converter maximum-power-point    tracking circuit controls power optimization of said string of    electrically interconnected plurality of solar cells when said power    optimizer operates in said pass-through mode of operation.

-   NNNN110. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 99, wherein said output string voltage is    regulated to be approximately equal to said transition voltage value    by adjusting said controllable switching duty cycle, when said    multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power optimizer operates in    said optimizing mode of operation.

-   OOOO111. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 99, wherein said transition voltage value is    equal to the multiplication of the actual maximum-power voltage    (V_(mp)) of said string of electrically interconnected plurality of    solar cells by a pre-determined voltage multiplier factor less than    1.

-   PPPP112. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 111, wherein said multiplier factor is between    0.85 and 1.

-   QQQQ113. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 112, wherein said multiplier factor is between    0.88 and 0.95.

-   RRRR114. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 112, wherein said multiplier factor is    approximately 0.90.

-   SSSS116. A plurality of said solar photovoltaic electrical power    generators of claim 95 interconnected to one another, wherein said    plurality of said power optimizer output positive and negative    electrical leads are connected in hybrid electrical series and    parallel.

-   TTTT117. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 95, wherein said string of electrically    interconnected plurality of solar cells comprises a plurality of N    series-connected solar cells, with N being an integer between 5 and    30.

-   UUUU118. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 117, wherein said string of electrically    interconnected plurality of solar cells comprises a plurality of N    series-connected solar cells, with N being an integer between 8 and    24.

-   VVVV119. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 95, wherein said open-circuit voltage value    (V_(oc)) is in the range of about 3 volts up to 24 volts.

-   WWWW120. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 119, wherein said open-circuit voltage value    (V_(oc)) is in the range of about 5 volts up to 15 volts.

-   XXXX121. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 95, wherein said power optimizer input negative    electrical lead and said power optimizer output negative electrical    lead are electrically connected together to form a common lead in    said integrated circuit package.

-   YYYY122. The solar photovoltaic electrical power generator of claim    95, wherein said integrated circuit package is attached to a    printed-circuit board, and an input capacitor is connected across    said input positive and negative electrical leads on said    printed-circuit board, wherein said printed-circuit board provides    electrical leads connected to said input positive and negative    electrical leads and said output positive and negative electrical    leads for electrical interconnections.

-   ZZZZ123. The solar photovoltaic electrical power generator of claim    122, wherein a boost capacitor is connected across said output    positive electrical lead and a boost lead of said integrated circuit    package on said printed-circuit board.

-   AAAAA124. The solar photovoltaic electrical power generator of claim    123, wherein said boost lead of said integrated circuit package is    electrically connected to the gate drive boost input of said    high-side field-effect transistor.

-   BBBBB125. The solar photovoltaic electrical power generator of claim    95, wherein said integrated circuit package further has an    electrical lead for enable and disable function and additional    electrical leads for electrical testing and evaluation of said    multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power optimizer.

-   CCCCC126. The solar photovoltaic electrical power generator of claim    95, wherein electrical current flowing between said string output    positive and negative electrical leads and said power optimizer    input positive and negative electrical leads is in the range of 0 up    to about 15 amperes.

-   DDDDD127. The solar photovoltaic electrical power generator of claim    126, wherein electrical current flowing between said string output    positive and negative electrical leads and said power optimizer    input positive and negative electrical leads is in the range of 0 up    to about 6 amperes.

-   EEEEE128. The solar photovoltaic electrical power generator of claim    127, wherein electrical current flowing between said string output    positive and negative electrical leads and said power optimizer    input positive and negative electrical leads is in the range of 0 up    to about 4 amperes.

-   FFFFF129. The solar photovoltaic electrical power generator of claim    96, wherein said multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer operates in said pass-through mode of operation or said    optimizing mode of operation, when said output string voltage, known    as supply voltage, is in the range of approximately 5.0 volts to    10.5 volts when the voltage is rising, and approximately 4.75 volts    to 10.5 volts when the voltage is falling.

-   GGGGG130. The solar photovoltaic electrical power generator of claim    97, wherein said multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer operates in said active bypass mode of operation when said    output string voltage, known as supply voltage, is in the range of    approximately 4.5 volts to 5.0 volts when the voltage is rising, and    approximately 4.25 volts to 4.75 volts when the voltage is falling.

-   HHHHH131. The solar photovoltaic electrical power generator of claim    96, wherein said multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer operates in said optimizing mode of operation when at    least a portion of said string of electrically interconnected    plurality of solar cells is shaded.

-   IIIII132. The solar photovoltaic electrical power generator of claim    98, wherein said multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer operates in said rectifier mode of operation, when said    output string voltage, known as supply voltage, is in the range of    approximately 0 volt to 4.5 volts when the voltage is rising, and    approximately 4.25 volts to 4.75 volts when the voltage is falling,    and voltage across said power optimizer output positive and negative    electrical leads is less than −0.8 volt.

-   JJJJJ133. The solar photovoltaic electrical power generator of claim    98, wherein said rectifier bypass mode of operation forward biases a    rectifier electrically connected with its cathode and anode    electrically connected to said power optimizer output positive and    negative electrical leads, respectively, and turns off both said    high-side field-effect transistor and low-side field-effect    transistor.

-   KKKKK134. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 96, wherein said controllable switching duty    cycle is 100% during said pass-through mode of operation.

-   LLLLL135. The multi-modal maximum-power-point-tracking power    optimizer of claim 96, wherein said controllable switching duty    cycle is greater than 0% and less than 100% during said optimizing    mode of operation.

FIG. 7 is a table showing an MPPT optimizer consistent with FIG. 6A indifferent modes consistent with the exemplary operating mode thresholdsdescribed herein.

The foregoing description of the exemplary embodiments is provided toenable any person skilled in the art to make or use the claimed subjectmatter. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readilyapparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles definedherein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of theinnovative faculty. Thus, the claimed subject matter is not intended tobe limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded thewidest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosedherein.

1. A solar photovoltaic system, comprising: a. A plurality ofphotovoltaic modules, each of said photovoltaic modules having: i. aplurality of (N) solar cells and a plurality of (M) multi-modalmaximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) DC power optimizers embedded withina protective module laminate, wherein:
 1. N and M and N divided by M arepositive integers greater than 1;
 2. the positive and negative inputelectrical leads of each of said multi-modal MPPT DC power optimizersare electrically connected to the positive and negative electrical leadsof a plurality of N divided by M electrically connected string of solarcells;
 3. the positive and negative output electrical leads of saidplurality of (M) multi-modal MPPT DC power optimizers are connected toone another within said module laminate according to an MPPT electricalinterconnection design;
 4. each of said plurality of photovoltaicmodules have at least one pair of positive and negative electrical powerleads; and,
 5. said plurality of photovoltaic modules are connected toone another according to a module electrical interconnection design. b.At least one electrical load connected to said plurality of photovoltaicmodules connected to one another according to said module electricalinterconnection design.